The study and application of microscale lenses and lens arrays enjoys a long history. Many different kinds of people live on this planet, and educators and psychologists do not know the best ways to educate or counsel many people who have a history of poor achievement in school and who suffer a poor quality of life in terms of low pay, poor working conditions. This document contains the information required to develop cobol language programs using the liant software corporation rmcobol compiler. A lenticular lens sheet consists of a linear array of thick planoconvex cylindrical lenses, known individually as. Threelight manipulation techniques including tunable optical focusing. Variablefocus liquid microlenses with adjustable 3d.
Pdf variablefocusing microlens with microfluidic chip. Pdf lenses with tunable focal length play important roles in nature by helping species avoid predators and capture prey. This inability of the eye to focus sharply on nearby objects, resulting from loss of. Npl held with the iop a series of conferences on microlens. They compensate for refractive errors such as presbyopia by providing variable focusing, allowing users to adjust them for desired distance or prescription, or both current bifocals and progressive lenses are static, in that the user has to change their eye position to look through the portion of the lens with the. The hidden driver of excellence by daniel goleman was chosen by soundview executive book summaries as one of the top 30 business books of 2014. Selfassembled microlens array with controllable focal. Life and death in the british secret service by gordon corera battle cry of freedom.
In summary, we demonstrated the design and fabrication process of a flexible electrowettingdriven variablefocus liquid microlens formed on pdms. A typical microlens may be a single element with one plane surface and one spherical convex. Thus, the demand for these microlens arrays has increased dramatically over recent years. Jackie chen, weisong wang, ji fang and kody varahramyan.
Ti1erefore, it is a primary object and feature of the present invention to provide a variablefocus optical micro lens that is autonomously tuned by local environmental parameters. Another class of microlens, sometimes known as microfresnel lenses, focus light by. Semiconductor microlens arrays with circular, cylindrical, square, and ringtype bases were fabricated by using selective oxidation of chirped shortperiod superlattice of gaasalgaas. We show that one can measure the effects of microlens parallax for binary microlensing events with three wellmeasured peaks two caustic crossings plus a. Design, fabrication and testing of microlens arrays for sensors and microsystems ph nussbaumyx,rvolkel. Liquid microlenses with adjustable focusing and beam steering for. Variablefocusing microlens with microfluidic chip article pdf available in journal of micromechanics and microengineering 145. Second, a true appreciation of what ptychography encompasses, especially with respect to conventional diffractive imaging methods, means that a great opportunity has yet to be fully exploited.
In 1988 zoran popovic at the xerox research centre made microlenses by melting photoresist. We report a microlens array with a controllable focal length that is based on a selective wetting surface. Variable focus microlens array based on dielectric elastomer actuator summary. Lytro began shipping its first generation pocketsized camera, capable of refocusing images after being taken, in 8 gb and 16 gb versions on february 29, 2012. Glory, revolution, betrayal, and the real count of monte. Highperformance pvc gel for adaptive microlenses with variable. We present a flexible variablefocus converging microlens actuated by electrowetting on dielectric ewod.
The hydrogelactuated liquid microlens was measured at focal lengths of 15. Flexible electrowettingondielectric microlens array sheet mdpi. When a pioneer in any field returns with a new piece of thought leadership, whether written or spoken, the eyes and ears of the business world instinctively turn to see and. Design and fabrication of long focal length microlens arrays. Introduction of microlens arrays has the ability to increase the fpas fill factor to 100%, while it is only about 21. Advances in microfabrication technologies in the past few decades have enabled the design and fabrication of microlenses and microlens arrays through many different approaches.
Micro lens technology, was incorporated in north carolina on january 14, 1997 by ken conley. Microlens mass measurement using triplepeak events. Various shaped semiconductor microlens arrays fabricated. Ansi85 cobol ansi74 cobol ibm osvs cobol ibm vs cobol ii microsoft cobol xopen cobol ibm saa cobol ibm cobol 370 ibm dosvs cobol.
Selection of our books indexed in the book citation index in web of. Bioinspired zoom compound eyes enable variablefocus imaging. Fast and transparent adaptive lens based on plasmonic heating. It was written publicly, online, in small bursts, with feedback from. All warranties, express or implied, are hereby disclaimed. We demonstrate a flexible, electrowettingdriven, variablefocus liquid microlens. Pdf liquid crystal lenses with tunable focal length researchgate. A menu in a restaurant may appear blurred, especially under dim light. Definition of micro focus cobol language incorporating support for multiple dialects of cobol including.
A lenticular lens sheet consists of a linear array of thick planoconvex cylindrical lenses, known individually as lenticules. Next to each item, it can be helpful to draw up a brief estimate of how much time itll take you to actually complete it. Dan dalys book describes the technology of microlens arrays and provides a recipe for producing them. Dielectric liquid microlens with switchable negative and positive optical power article pdf available in journal of microelectromechanical systems 201. We demonstrate an optofluidic variablefocus microlens formed by a solid polydimethylsiloxane pdms meniscus channel wall and a tunable liquid lens body. State key laboratory of polymer physics and chemistry, changchun institute of applied chemistry, chinese academy of sciences, graduate school of the chinese academy of sciences, 5625 renmin street, changchun 022, peoples republic of china. Bright, fabrication of tapered su8 structure and effect of sidewall angle for a variable focus microlens using ewod, sensors and actuators a, 62, 546553, 2007. A lowtemperature pdmscompatible fabrication process has been developed to reduce the stress on the. Pdf dielectric liquid microlens with switchable negative. A short history of ionic liquidsfrom molten salts to neoteric solvents.
Electrowettingdriven variablefocus microlens on flexible surfaces. Tunablefocus liquid lens controlled using a servo motor. Through a computer simulation, the microlens arrays are nearly diffraction limited, with the diffraction efficiency of 93%, a bit lower than the theoretical value of 95%. Recently, the inkjet printing ijp technology was advised as a direct method for the fabrication of highquality and highprecision microlenses overcoming the drawbacks of the traditional techniques which usually require multiple complex processing steps making the fabrication costly. Confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to evaluate the surface morphology of the fabricated microlenses, which revealed that they have crosssectional profiles close to spherical in.
Adjustable focus eyeglasses are eyeglasses with an adjustable focal length. Design, fabrication and testing of microlens arrays for. To demonstrate our method, the example we used was a variablefocus liquid microlens actuated by thermoresponsive hydrogels. In order to confirm the variable focus performance of a single lens cell, a black occluder with an aperture, that was a bit larger than the diameter of the microlens cell, was placed above the test. A model of the microlenses was included in the code to simulate the sampling step based on the geometrical description of a microlens, as shown in fig. However, the reader should understand that the information provided does not constitute legal, medical or professional advice of any kind. Parylene intermediate layer is used to produce robust flexible electrode on pdms. How the civil war created a nation by david goldfield art of betrayal. Estimate how much time youll need to accomplish each task. Eo39686 and eo55359 was mounted on the camera for observation. Search and free download all ebooks, handbook, textbook, user guide pdf files on the internet quickly and easily. We have fabricated a fullyflexible, focustunable microlens array on. Lytros light field sensor uses an array of microlenses placed in front of an.
The variablefocus lenses with variable surface radius mainly include variablefocus double liquid lens based on ewod, variablefocus lens based on hydraulic pressure, ultrasonic variablefocus optical lens and so on. Certain techniques for mind boost and attention improvements are ok. Such recommendations like read a book, find a hobby or go to sports are ridiculous despite the fact that they are beneficial for focus and attention problems. Spherical aberration free liquidfilled tunable lens with variable thickness. Focus share book recommendations with your friends, join. A method to measure radar cross section parameters of antennas article pdf available in ieee transactions on antennas and propagation 5611. Microlens array for fiber coupling fcq250, 1 x 48 application fiber coupling, collimation, imaging. Design of diffractive microlens array integration with. A tunablefocus liquid microlens array based on dielectrophoretic effect was demonstrated.
In order to improve the processing rate of microlens array mla, wet. I mean devoting whole chapters to them, i couldnt find it book level issue. A substrate modified with a hydrophobic layer that has an array of microholes exhibits different wettability for inside holes hydrophilic versus outside holes hydrophobic. The companys goal and charter was to design and engrave optical patterns into cylinders that could be used to produce lenticular plastic sheets. A novel method for in situ fabrication of the meniscus channel wall is developed by introducing liquid pdms prepolymer into a microchannel followed by curing. History grade 12 notes and textbook internet archive. Variable focus microlens array based on dielectric elastomer actuator. The applied voltage generates an inhomogeneous electric field near the hole regions. Modeling a variablefocus liquidfilled optical lens osa. A microlens is a small lens, generally with a diameter less than a millimetre mm and often as. Adaptive lenses have variable focal length performance and have been. Ptychography and related diffractive imaging methods. Focus history grade 12 learners book 9780636140844.
An agreement from suss microoptics is required before these elements can be copied or replicated in any form. Published 17 march 2004 2004 iop publishing ltd journal of micromechanics and microengineering, volume 14, number 5. The small sizes of the lenses means that a simple design can give good optical quality but sometimes unwanted effects arise due to optical diffraction at the small features. In a lens cell, two immiscible dielectric liquids but with different dielectric constants are sandwiched between electrodes.
Language reference micro focus cobol micro focus on. Highperformance pvc gel for adaptive microlenses with variable focal length. Sakarya, in which the reconstruction is based on the leastsquare approximation. Variablefocus liquid microlenses and microlens arrays actuated by thermoresponsive. Dan dalys book describes the technology of microlens a. When liquid flows over the surface, a small amount of liquid is adhered to hydrophilic holes and forms a lens. Our microlens arrays are unique elements that may not be replicated or copied. In april 2014, the company announced lytro illum, its second generation camera for commercial and experimental photographers.
The microlens is made of two immiscible liquids and a soft polymer, polydimethylsiloxane pdms. A variablefocus liquid lens using a transparent flat cell is. The general trend towards miniaturisation and parallelism in optics and electrooptics has led to a requirement for arrays of submillimetre sized lenses. This implies that it is not easy to achieve long focal microlens by simply enlarge microlens diameters because of photoresist thickness.
Solutions for all history grade 12 learners book converted download. One electrode has a holed pattern while the other electrode is continuous. The flexible microlens consists of a pdms chamber, and a thin pdms substrate that effectively reduces the stress on the microlens structure when it is wrapped on a curved surface. The recent development of variablefocallength microlens arrays1,2 offers an interesting new method of switching on and off an array of optical probes with high. A method to measure radar cross section parameters of antennas. Modeling a variablefocus liquidfilled optical lens. A simplicity manifesto in the age of distraction leo babauta free version. Light field microscopy marc levo y1 ren ng1 andrew adams1 matthew footer2 mark horowitz1, 3 1computer science department 2department of biochemistry 3electrical engineering department stanford university stanford university stanford university figure 1. Thus, it is difficult to extend this design to microlens arrays where a. Electrowettingdriven variablefocus microlens on flexible. Went on to research needs and develop metrology for microlens arrays.